Writing in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study authors describe a previously unknown connection by which light-sensitive nerve cells in the eye transmit information to brain regions involved in mood and involuntary processes such as heart rate, breathing, and fatigue. This explains why people with migraines tend to feel more uncomfortable in the light, say the authors, even if their actual pain level remains unchanged.
For the study, researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center showed different colored lights to 81 people who frequently experienced migraines—once during an attack and once between attacks. They also showed the same lights to 17 people who had never had a migraine.
Among people in the migraine group, lights of all colors triggered unpleasant physical sensations—including tightness in the chest or throat, shortness of breath, light-headedness and nausea—both during and between attacks. And every color except for green elicited intense emotional responses as well, such as anger, nervousness, hopelessness, sadness, depression, anxiety, and fear. "Green light actually gave rise to positive emotions, with patients using words like soothing and calm and relaxed to describe what they felt," says lead author Rami Burstein, PhD, a professor of anesthesia at Harvard Medical School.
People in the non-migraine group, on the other hand, reported no physical symptoms under any of the colored-light conditions—and they reported that all of the colors evoked positive emotions, not negative ones.
The researchers also found, in an experiment on rats, that nerve cells in the retina (the back of the eye where light is detected) send signals to regions of the brain that regulate physiological, autonomic, endocrine, and emotional responses to changes in the external environment.
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