For most Americans, heartburn is just an occasional problem. Sixty million people get it at least once a month.
Esophagitis
In GERD, food, acid, and digestive juices flow back into the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Over time, this causes irritation and swelling, known as esophagitis.
Esophageal stricture
If esophagitis goes on too long, scar tissue can narrow the esophagus. Called a stricture, this can make it hard or painful to swallow.
Throat and voice problems
The main GERD symptom is heartburn, but not all people get it. They may have other, harder-to-diagnose symptoms.
Breathing problems
If stomach acid is inhaled after it’s regurgitated, GERD can worsen asthma or pneumonia. Even without lung problems, GERD can cause shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.
Tooth decay
When stomach acid and digestive juices make their way back up the esophagus and into the mouth, it can cause a sour taste and, if it happens frequently enough, wear away tooth enamel and promote tooth decay.
Esophageal ulcers
Stomach acid can wear away the esophageal lining, causing sores or ulcers. (Esophageal ulcers are different than stomach ulcers, which are usually due to bacteria.) People with ulcers may spit up or vomit blood, or see it in stool. "It can be red or even darker, coffee-ground-like particulate," says Dr. Sheth.
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